An Algorithm to Automatically Detect the Smale Horseshoes

Smale horseshoes, curvilinear rectangles and their U-shaped images patterned on Smale’s famous example, provide a rigorous way to study chaos in dynamical systems. The paper is devoted to constructing them in two-dimensional diffeomorphisms with the existence of transversal homoclinic saddles. We first propose an algorithm to automatically construct “horizontal” and “vertical” sides of the curvilinear rectangle near to segments of the stable and of the unstable manifolds, respectively, and then apply it to four classical chaotic maps the Duffing map, the Hénon map, the Ikeda map, and the Lozi map to verify its effectiveness.